*How to detect shoulder dystocia?
-Turtle-neck sign
-Failure of shoulder to descent
-Failure of restitution of head
Turtle neck sign : fetal head suddenly retracts back against maternal perineum after it emerges from the vagina. Fetal cheeks bulge out resembling a turtle pulling its head back into its shell. |
The shoulder fail to descent with gentle traction of fetal head |
Fetal head fail to restitute (realign with shoulder) |
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Outline for management of shoulder dystocia
-Shout for help
-McRoberts' maneuver and supra pubic pressure
-Generous episiotomy
-Woods corkscrew maneuver
-Delivery of posterior arm
-Cleidotomy
-Symphysiotomy
-Zavanelli maneuver
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1.Shout for help
As McRoberts' maneuver can not be done alone, you need to call others. Alert them by clearly mention the 'shoulder dystocia'.
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2.McRoberts' maneuver and suprapubic pressure
An initial maneuver is McRoberts' maneuver and suprapubic pressure.In McRoberts’ maneuver, the maternal thighs are sharply flexed against the maternal abdomen to reduce the angle between the sacrum and spine, thus freeing the impacted shoulder. Supra pubic maneuver involves lateral pressure with the hand over the maternal suprapubic region in an effort to guide the anterior shoulder under or away from the symphysis pubis.
McRoberts' and suprapubic pressure maneuver |
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3.Generous episiotomy
If the initial procedure is not successful, adequate episiotomy might need to be done first in order to proceed with the next maneuver as the next maneuver requires adequate space.
Episiotomy scissor |
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4.Woods corkscrew maneuver
In this maneuver, operator might need to insert his/her whole hand into vagina. Pressure is applied with the operator’s fingers against the scapula of the posterior shoulder in an attempt to rotate the posterior shoulder upward until it becomes the anterior shoulder.
Woods corkscrew maneuver |
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5.Delivery of posterior arm
If the above maneuver does not correct the problem, a hand is inserted into the vagina, and the posterior arm is grasped and pulled across the chest, resulting in delivery of the posterior shoulder and displacement of the anterior shoulder from behind the symphysis pubis. Fracture of the humerus may result from this maneuver, but the bone heals quickly in the neonate.
Delivery of posterior arm |
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7.Cleidotomy
If none of the maneuvers is successful, one or both clavicles must be fractured, preferably by pressure on the clavicle directed away from the pleural cavity to prevent traumatic puncture of the lungs.
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8.Symphysiotomy
Previously, symphysiotomy has been practiced as an alternative to cesarean section in management of shoulder dystocia. It is a surgical procedure in which the symphysis pubis is divided in order to widen the pelvis allowing release of the anterior shoulder.
Symphysiotomy |
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9.Zavanelli maneuver
A maneuver has been described, attributed to Zavanelli, to manage shoulder dystocia that is not corrected successfully by the methods already described. In this last-resort procedure, the fetal head is manually returned to its prerestitution position, and then slowly replaced into the vagina by steady upward pressure against the head. Delivery is subsequently accomplished by cesarean birth. A uterine relaxant may be required to carry out this procedure.
Zavanelli maneuver |
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