Definition of open fracture
Open fracture is defined as fracture that communicate with open wound
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At the scene, intial assessment of ABC and appropriate treatment should be done first, followed by rapid assessment from head to toe. The (suspected) fractured limb should be splinted, and the wound should be covered with sterile dressing.
At hospital, primary survey is the first step to be done, to detect and manage any life-threatening conditions, then followed by secondary survey.
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2.Tetanus prophylaxis
Tetanus toxoid is given for those previously immunized, or human antiserum if not.
Tetanus prophylaxis |
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3.Wound assessment and classification of injury
The wound ideally should be photographed so that it can again be reviewed until the patient is in operation theatre.
The wound is assessed by site, size, depth, margin, presence of communication with fracture, degree of contamination, condition of soft tissues, and status of circulation and nerve supply. Thorough assesssment of the wound is important for injury classification (most widely used is Gustillo Anderson classification) hence the management of the injury.
Gustillo Anderson classification for open fracture |
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4.Antibiotic prophylaxis
Antibiotic is given as soon as possible no matter how small the wound is. Choices and duration of antibiotics will depend on classification of injury, degree of contamination and likely organism that cause contamination.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in open fracture |
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5.Wound irrigation and sterility
Wound is irrigated with sterile water and then kept covered with sterile dressing until patient reached operation theatre.
Wound irrigation |
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6.Wound debridement and exploration
Wound debridement and exploration is done under either general or local anaesthesia, and under sterile condition.Tourniquet is not to be used, as it may endanger the circulation, and make it difficult to identified devitalized structure.
Wound is irrigated with copious amount of warm normal saline. The wound is then extended. Ragged margin is excised, leaving healthy skin edges. Foreign bodies and dead/devitalized tissue are removed. Dead muscle can be recognized by 1)purplish colour 2)failure to contract when stimulated 3)failure to bleed when cut 4)mushy consistency. The wound is irrigated again with copious amount of warm normal saline.
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7.Stabilization of fracture
Stabilization of fracture is important for proper bone union. In open fracture, stabilization of fracture is also important to reduce risk of infection and to assist soft tissue healing.
There are various method of fixation to stabilize fracture including 1)Cast, sling and traction 2)Internal fixation - wires, screws, plates, intramedullary nails 3)External fixation.
Choice of fixation will depend on degree of soft tissue damage, degree of contamination and interval between onset of injury and time of operation.
screws and plate |
Intramedullary nail, screws and plate |
External fixation |
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8.Wound closure
In open fracture, wound closure is done using few ways : 1)Primary closure or 2)Secondary closure or 3)Delayed primary/tertiary closure or 4)Skin graft or 5)Surgical flaps
Primary wound closure |
Secondary wound closure |
Delayed primary wound closure |
A skin graft is a segment of dermis and epidermis that is separated from its blood supply and donor site and transplanted to another recipient site on the body. Survival of the skin graft in the new site requires a vascularized wound recipient bed.
Skin graft |
A surgical flap consists of tissue that is moved from one part of the body to another with a vascular pedicle to maintain blood supply. The vascular pedicle may be kept intact, or it can be transected for microvascular anastomosis of the flap vessels to vessels at another site.
Radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap |
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9.Aftercare
Postoperatively the limb is elevated and the circulation is monitored. Watch out for compartment syndrome. Antibiotic cover is continued. If the wound has been left open, it is inspected at 2 - 3 days. Delayed primary closure is then often safe, or if there is much skin loss, plastic surgery may be needed.
Rehabilitation programme is started as early as possible in order to regain function.
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